Portfolio

Anthony Pawson was awarded the Dr H.P. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics 1998 for his discovery of the ‘SH2 domain’ in proteins involved in signal transduction in living cells, which has shed invaluable light on intercellular communication.
His work has yielded a better insight in the way in which cells communicate with neighbouring cells. It appears that there is a connection between interference in the transduction of external signals into a cell and diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Pawson’s discovery has changed our concept of signal transduction so fundamentally that it has opened up new areas for the development of medicines for these diseases.
Pawson’s work has provided a new perspective of the way in which signals move from outside a cell to its nucleus. This process involves proteins that recognise each other by certain protein domains, such as the SH2 Domain, and then bind themselves to each other. This mutual binding is disrupted if structural changes take place within the proteins, which in turn may result in the development of a tumor. The discovery has created new ways of addressing this chain of events.

Biography
Anthony J. Pawson (1952 – 2013) was Head of the Department of Molecular Biology and Cancer Research of the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. For a scientist of his age, Dr Pawson has published an extraordinarily large number of articles in prestigious international journals. His influence is therefore considerable. Not only in the fields of biochemistry, biophysics and genetics, through which research in the field of intercellular communication has made great strides, but also in the world of medical science there is tremendous interest in the theories that are being developed on the basis of Dr Pawson’s revolutionary concept.
Dr Pawson’s more recent work has demonstrated the significance of proteins with SH2 domains for the development of mammal cells. In addition, by combining genetic experiments with flies, worms and mice, he has sought to clarify the molecular mechanisms that underlie signal transduction through conduction by way of axons in the central nervous system. Dr Pawson’s research therefore remains highly innovative, which promises further insights.

Artist Jan van de Pavert was awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Art 1998 for his work Villa Naispier, an imaginary villa in the form of an elaborate drawing.
It incorporates every form of artistic expression. Drawings, frescos, sculptures, scale models and computer animations represent the rooms, patios and gardens. The artist’s evident fascination with the project makes it all the more interesting to visitors. Van de Pavert uses his considerable talent as a sculptor to give a very personal, original shape to his ideas. For an artist of his age his stature is exceptional, not only in the Netherlands.
Jan van de Pavert’s art is recognisable and personal. In the course of the past fourteen years he has developed into a multifaceted, outspoken personality, and has moved successively from painting to sculpture to computer art to watercolours.
As evidenced by his work, Van de Pavert is keenly interested in architecture and art history. For the Villa Naispier he drew an elaborate plan with a text in the form of a numbered guide, like those for castles and palaces. Unlike other guides, however, the spaces described are all imaginary. Besides describing the historical styles and other architectural references, it tells a story about a person – likewise fictional – who supposedly purchased the land with the original buildings in order to combine and expand them, the result being a hybrid villa.
Fantasies based on the past are also found in Van de Pavert’s recent drawings and paintings. The images recall the realism of the 1920s and the historical idealism of the early 20th century. In this work Van de Pavert’s subject corresponds to that of his ‘architecture’: the ideal of an environment designed by artists; a belief he shares with other members of the avant-garde of this period. Inspired by this ideal, Van de Pavert’s work is decidedly optimistic.

Biography
Since 1984 Jan van de Pavert has participated in over seventy solo and group exhibitions at home and abroad. He took part in the prestigious Sonsbeek 1993and in 1994 the Central Museum in Utrecht devoted a large exhibition to him. His work has been purchased by various institutions, including the Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller in Otterlo, de Rijksdienst Beeldende Kunst, The Centraal Museum Utrecht, the Van Abbemuseum Eindhoven and the Ferens Art Gallery in Kingston-upon-Hull.

Barry J. Marshall has been awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine 1998 for his pioneering research on ulcers.
Despite the established scientific view that ulcers are brought on by stress, Marshall found that Heliobacter pylori are the real cause. He discovered the role of the bacteria not by means of costly research, but through simple observation. He also found that ulcers can be cured with an antibiotic, and went so far as to verify his theory by taking a gulp of the bacteria and monitoring his own illness and recovery.
In the late 1970s Robin Warren, a pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital in Australia, recognised spiral-shaped micro-organisms in gastric antrum biopsies. Barry Marshall, then a resident in internal medicine, was invited to conduct a six months of clinical research with Warren. Marshall was quick to recognise the potential significance of these gastric bacteria. Marshall went to great lengths to demonstrate that Heliobacter pylori is indeed the etiologic agent for peptic ulcers.
Although Marshall’s work was initially greeted with scepticism, his persistence was eventually rewarded, and today nearly all patients with peptic ulcers are successfully treated with a combination of antibiotics and inhibitors of acid secretion. Nowadays stomach surgery is the exception rather than the rule. Marshall’s breakthrough in the treatment of ulcers has meant that patients no longer have to undergo protracted treatment with no guarantee that their ulcers will not return. It has also reduced the risk of stomach cancer, to say nothing of the psychological burden of an ulcer and its impact on a patient’s social life. Marshall has proved to be an outstanding patient-oriented scientist, who required no extensive or expensive technological infrastructure to achieve a major breakthrough in clinical medicine.

Biography
Barry Marshall was born in 1951 and is professor of internal medicine at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, North Carolina, USA. In the years following his role in the discovery of Heliobacter pylori, Marshal contributed extensively to the study of the epidemiology of Heliobacter pylori infections and disease associations. His work has opened new horizons in our thinking about the pathogenesis of cancer and the role in it that bacterial infections play. Marshall also made great strides in diagnosing Heliobacter pylori infections via serological or breath tests as a form of non-invasive diagnosis, eliminating the need for endoscopy and biopsy. Promising methods of screening asymptomatic persons for Heliobacter pylori in order to detect and prevent a gastric cancer risk are currently under development.
In 2005 Marshall won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with J. Robin Warren.

Dr Mona Ozouf has been awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for History 1998 in recognition of her innovative approach to the French Revolution.
Unlike many others in the field, Dr Ozouf has taken neither a political nor a biographical approach to the French Revolution, thus avoiding the pitfalls of the subject. From a cultural-historical and anthropological angle, she has presented the Revolution as a popular event. Dr Ozouf studied the mentality of the French bourgeoisie during the Revolution, and the use of festivals and other cultural manifestations as a means to a revolutionary end. Festivals appear to have contributed significantly to the change in values and the nation’s unification. Her pioneering book on the festivals of the French Revolution has changed our perspective on the period and has suggested new avenues for historical research. While maintaining intellectual integrity and refraining from politicising, she has presented a compelling new image of the French Revolution that had so far remained hidden.
Mona Ozouf holds a special place among the historians of our period, both as an eminent specialist on the interaction between culture and politics since the Age of the Revolutions, and as an author with a extraordinary ability to convey a comprehensive vision of modern history to a broad public. Dr Ozouf has an unparalleled grasp of the subtle interplay between unity and variety – the interplay between nation and region, between the realism of politics and the utopia of celebration, between the unitary Citizen’s Republic and the perception of individual differences, between egalitarian democracy and the need for a dream, and between Europe and the singularity of France.

Biography
Mona Ozouf is a historian who has specialised in the French Revolution. She is Emeritus Research Director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris, France.

Paul R. Ehrlich has been awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences 1998 in recognition of contributing to scientific knowledge of environmental problems, and for raising public awareness of them.
Together with his wife Anne Ehrlich, Professor Ehrlich has been writing about environmental threats, including the explosive growth of world population, for thirty years. His publications have been a significant source of inspiration to the Club of Rome. The essence of his argument has always been that population growth and man’s exploitation of natural resources form a serious threat to the environment. Ehrlich has propagated his ideas consistently and scientifically. It is his combination of the roles of scientist and activist that makes him unique. Many are concerned with the environment, but few can speak with such scientific authority. The essence of Ehrlich’s thesis is that population growth and man’s husbandry over the earth’s resources form a serious threat to the economic options that the environment offers mankind, to the vital ecosystem services (such as atmospheric integrity, soil quality and biodiversity) and to the aesthetic values. Ehrlich has dealt with virtually every sort of ecological crisis, from declining biodiversity to habitat destruction, deforestation, nuclear waste, the hole in the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect. But Ehrlich is not content to analyse issues or publicise problems. He also suggests concrete solutions, bearing in mind the social, political and economic obstacles. Furthermore he has always been prepared to revise his projections and predictions in light of new facts and interpretations, especially when it comes to the relationship between population growth and agricultural production. Paul Ehrlich is an outstanding ecologist and visionary scientist. Thanks to his ability to communicate his scientific insights to the causes and consequences of the environmental crisis, he has raised the level of the scientific and social debate on man’s relationship with the planet.

Biography
Professor Paul R. Ehrlich (1932) has had considerable influence on the development of environmental sciences. Ehrlich started out as a fundamental biologist, specialising in population biology and the relationship between plants and animals. In that field, as well, he can boast a sizeable oeuvre. Indeed his scientific background accounts for much of his credibility. He has promulgated his ideas through an impressive series of scientific publications, lectures and articles in journals, newspapers and other periodicals. Ehrlich was internationally acclaimed for his book The Population Bomb in 1968. The compelling manner in which he addressed explosive population growth and its consequences did a great deal to increase awareness of environmental issues in the 1970s. Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology, which he and his wife Anne Ehrlich published in 1970, is of no less significance.

Paul M. Nurse was awarded the Dr H.P. Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics 1996 for his exceptional scientific research, which forms the basis of our current knowledge on the regulation of the division of eukaryotic cells and the molecular components and mechanisms involved.
For a researcher of his age, Dr Nurse can boast an exceptionally large number of publications in prominent international scientific journals. Consequently, he has had considerable influence on other scientists, and not only in the field of the cell division cycle, where research has expanded enormously and great progress has been made in fathoming the cell division mechanism. The results of his research have also provided the pieces so that in other fields, such as oncology and DNA repair, various components could be fitted together to complete the puzzle. This has resulted in considerable insight into the transformation of healthy cells into harmful cells.
Pioneer research in the seventies into the simple eukaryotic yeast cell, Schizosaccharomyces Pombe (S. Pombe), led to the discovery of the so‑called cdc2‑gene whose protein production plays an important part in the G1 and G2/M stages of cell division. In subsequent years, Dr Nurse discovered large numbers of genes and proteins/enzymes which carry out a regulatory function during the various stages of cell division.
Dr Nurse is to be strongly commended for his application of the results of this relatively isolated research into S. Pombe to higher mammals and, subsequently, to humans. By means of excellent recombinant DNA research, Dr. Nurse demonstrated the irrefutable existence of a human variant of cdc2, and that the cell division cycle of all things from yeast to humans, as well as the necessary proteins and genes, show great similarities. In the late eighties, the human variant, cdkl, was isolated.

Biography
Paul Maxime Nurse was born in the United Kingdom in 1949 and obtained the B.Sc. degree from the University of Birmingham in Biological Sciences. In 1973 he received the Ph.D. degree from the University of East Anglia in Cell Biology/Biochemistry. He was Director of Laboratory Research at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) in London. Since 2003 he is president of The Rockefeller University in New York, USA. Dr Nurse is a fellow of the Royal Society, a member of Academia Europaea and a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences. He has won many prizes and awards for his scientific work and has given numerous award lectures. In 2001 he won the Nobel Prize in Medicine, together with Leland H. Hartwell and Tim Hunt.

The Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Art 1996 was awarded to graphic designer Karel Martens for his entire oeuvre.
The committee responsible for awarding the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Art recognizes Karel Martens as a versatile designer who has created a firm niche for himself in graphic design in the Netherlands. His products are characterized by traditional workmanship and simplicity. Glamour is not his style – he prefers to exploit plain, honest techniques and materials, a feature which is always evident in his choice of paper, letter type, colour and format. At the same time, Martens enjoys the confrontation between form and contents which always results in an exciting product, bearing the hallmark of quality and care. 
Among his clients have been the publishers Van Loghum Slaterus (Arnhem) in the 1960s, and the SUN (Nijmegen) in the years 1975-81, PTT Nederland, and various government institutions. 
In 1993 Karel Martens was awarded the H.N. Werkman Prize for the design of the architectural magazine Oase. In 1996 he received the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Art; as part of this prize, a monograph on his work was published: Karel Martens: Printed Matter. 
His work has been nominated three times at the Design Prize Rotterdam: 1995, for the design of the standard series of telephone chip-cards for PTT Telecom (this received an honorary commendation); 1997, for the book Karel Martens: Printed Matter; 1999, for the design of the façade of the Veenman printing works at Ede. In 1998 at the Leipzig Book Fair, Karel Martens: Printed Matter was awarded the gold medal, as the best-designed book ‘in the whole world’. Over the years his books have featured regularly in the annual Best-Designed Dutch Books competition.

Biography
Karel Martens (born 1939) finished as a student at the Arnhem School of Art in 1961. Since then he has worked as a freelance graphic designer, specializing in typography. Alongside this, he has always made free (non-commissioned) graphic and three-dimensional work. As well as designing books and other printed items, he has designed stamps and telephone cards. He has also designed signs and typographic façades for a number of buildings.
Karel Martens has taught graphic design since 1977. His first appointment was at the Arnhem School of Art (until 1994). He was then attached to the Jan van Eyck Academie in Maastricht (1994-99). From 1997 he has been a visiting lecturer in the graphic design department at the School of Art, Yale University. In the same year, together with Wigger Bierma, he started the Typography Workshop for postgraduate education within the ArtEZ, Arnhem.

David de Wied received the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine 1996 for his innovative work in the field of neuropharmacology and behavioural pharmacology of neuropeptides.
Since the sixties, Professor De Wied’s research has focused on the so-called neuropeptides. These are small proteins produced in the brain or the hypophysis. As early as 1969, De Wied formulated the hypothesis that these peptides directly influence brain function and consequently human and animal behaviour. The assumption that these neuropeptides play such an important role in the brain has later been confirmed time and again by scientific research with more advanced techniques.
Through his concept of neuropeptides, De Wied originated current research into neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors. There currently is, in fact, renewed interest in his ideas. The results of the studies in this area are used to develop medicines for behavioural disorders (like stress) and are expected to provide new applications in the near future.

Biography
Born on January 12, 1925 in Deventer, the Netherlands, David de Wied enrolled in the University of Groningen to study medicine. During his study he performed his Ph.D. thesis on the role of absorbic acid in adaptation to cold and in 1955 he obtained his MD. He was appointed professor of experimental endocrinology in Groningen in 1961 and from 1963 he has been director of the Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology for twenty-five years and Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Utrecht during the same period. David de Wied held many national and international leading posts in science among which chairman of the Dutch Organisation for Medical Research, the International Steering Committee of the European Training Programme in Brain and Behaviour Research, president of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
De Wied has made an active contribution to the dissemination of his scientific insights. Under his inspiring directorship, the Rudolf Magnus Institute has become the centre at which scientists from all over the world come to work in this field.
David de Wied passed away in February 2004.

Professor Heiko A. Oberman has been awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Historical Science 1996 for his studies on the relation between religious and intellectual ideas in the late middle Ages and early Reformation. The awarding committee is of the opinion that Oberman is a true pioneer in the field of Historical Science, particularly due to the new light he has shed on the study of the history of the Middle Ages and Modern Age. Oberman has moved beyond traditional boundaries by linking eras, subdisciplines and national research methods.
In the late sixties, Professor Oberman’s focus extended yet further and he called for a practice of history in which intellectual and social history could function, in harmony, side-by-side. This new approach was the impetus for his book Masters of the Reformation. The Emergence of a New Intellectual Climate in Europe (1977). From a methodological point of view, the great significance of this book was the step he initiated toward the analysis of religious views, such as those upheld among the various social strata. Oberman has bridged traditional gaps between historical subdisciplines and has broadened insight into the dissemination of religious innovation.

Biography
Professor Heiko A. Oberman was born in Utrecht, the Netherlands in 1930. He received his university training at the University of Utrecht. From 1964 until 1966 he was Winn Professor of Eccleciastical History, Harvard University. From 1966 until 1984 he was Director of the Institut für Spätmittelalter und Reformation, University of Tübingen, Germany. In 1984 he became Professor of the History of the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation at the University of Arizona, Tucson, in the United States.
In 1981 and 1982, respectively, he published standard works on the origin of German anti-Semitism, The Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation and the biography Luther – Man between God and the Devil. Both works have been translated into Dutch.
Professor Oberman became a member (living abroad) of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963. He passed away in 2001.

Herman E. Daly was awarded the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences 1996 because of his original contribution to insights into the socio-economic aspects involved in the decline of the environment.
He was one of the first economists to focus on environmental problems, and may be regarded as the founder of the promising new discipline of ‘ecological economics’. Professor Daly studies the decline in the environment in relation to macro-economic activity. According to Daly, ultimately a sort of ‘steady state’ should be achieved in which the burden caused by economic production does not exceed the natural capacity of the environment. He has been instrumental in developing the idea that costs for the environment must be reflected in the market prices of goods and services. Daly’s first publications on this subject originate from as early as 1968. Over the last few years, Professor Daly has written in particular on the significance of economic welfare and the measuring thereof. His Index on Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) has caused a sea change in thinking on welfare.
Professor Daly has provided a high-quality contribution to both the academic debate and political discussions on the environment. The committee hopes that awarding the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences to Daly will be an extra stimulus to him to continue his work, and that it will also encourage those who are currently developing with him the discipline of ecological economics.

Biography
The economist Herman E. Daly was born in Houston, Texas, in 1938. Daly obtained his B.A. degree in Economics from the Rice University (Houston) in 1960. Seven years later he received the Ph.D. degree from the Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Daly has worked at various universities in the United States and Brazil. From 1988 to 1994 he worked for the World Bank, whose Environment Department he helped develop and expand further. His present position is Senior Research Scholar at the University of Maryland, School of Public Affairs, College Park.